Gene therapy holds immense promise for treating a wide range of diseases by delivering therapeutic genes or modulating gene expression levels. However, efficient and targeted delivery of genetic material remains a major challenge. Nanocarriers have emerged as promising vehicles for gene delivery due to their ability to protect nucleic acids from degradation, facilitate cellular uptake and enable targeted delivery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanocarriers for gene therapy, covering key aspects such as design and engineering strategies, characterization techniques, applications in various disease models including cancer and genetic disorders. We discussed the latest advancements in nanocarrier design, including lipid-based, polymer-based and inorganic nanoparticles, as well as targeting strategies and integration with gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9. Furthermore, we highlighted emerging trends and future directions in the field of nanocarrier-based gene therapy. Understanding the potential of nanocarriers in gene delivery not only provides insights into overcoming current challenges but also paves the way for innovative therapeutic interventions with enhanced efficacy and safety profiles.
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